It’s no secret that as cars and trucks age, their value decreases. A new filter from a car manufacturer can cost anywhere from $2,000 to $10,000. Replacing a diesel particulate filter can be pricey. How much does it Cost to Replace a Diesel Particulate Filter? Not all DPF systems have a parked regeneration feature. It’s critical for the driver or technician to ensure the exhaust outlets are directed away from structures, vegetation, trees, flammable materials and anything else that may be damaged or injured by exposure to high heat. The biggest sign to look for to determine if it is taking place is the high exhaust temp light, which will turn on once the aftertreatment doser starts to inject, increasing the temperature in the aftertreatment device. The exhaust gas temperature could reach 1500℉ (800℃).Īctive regeneration is unknown to the driver with the exception of some additional dashboard lamps. Active regeneration can occur automatically any time the vehicle is moving. The heat created from the fuel oxidizing is then used to convert soot to carbon dioxide.īoth active and passive regeneration happen automatically and without driver input. Once the soot level reaches a certain point, the engine injects fuel into the exhaust stream, which goes over the oxidation catalyst and oxidizes the fuel to create heat. For example, this may occur in a truck that’s not fully loaded. Active regeneration takes place when the engine isn’t creating the heat it needs. For example, a truck fully loaded with 80,000 pounds moving down the highway will create enough heat in the engine for a chemical reaction to occur-which is passive regeneration. Passive regeneration is part of normal engine operation, however active regeneration requires the engine to take action. All of these sensors indicate when the after-treatment system needs repair or maintenance. PM (particulate matter) sensors, also known as soot sensors, measure particulates in the exhaust (mainly ash and soot). Exhaust gas temperature sensors monitor the system temperatures. A differential pressure sensor estimates captured particles in the DPF. In addition to the primary components of the aftertreatment system, there are also sensors. The resulting ‘exhaust’ that gets reintroduced into the atmosphere is comprised of harmless nitrogen gas and water vapor. The DOC and DPF work together at the front end of the system to reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, but more importantly, capture soot and ash in the exhaust system to reduce the risk of those particles reaching the atmosphere.įrom there, the exhaust moves through a mixing chamber that introduces DEF … needed for the chemical reaction to reduce NOx in the SCR. SCR – This is the catalyst for the chemical reaction that transforms the combination of the exhaust stream and decomposed DEF to meet regulations for NOx emissions. DEF is introduced into the exhaust stream to reduce NOx emissions.ĭEF pump – A part of the DEF delivery system that vacuums DEF from the tank, through the pump, filters the DEF and primes and maintains pressure between the DEF pump and doser.ĭEF doser – The doser injects DEF into the exhaust system.ĭecomposition chamber – This assists in mixing the exhaust stream with DEF prior to the SCR. The SCR system consists of these components:ĭiesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) – A solution made of urea and deionized water. The DPF system consists of the following:ĭiesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) – The DOC reduces particulate matter and oxidizes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.ĭPF – This filter is designed to remove more than 90 percent of particulates out of the exhaust. The primary components of a vehicle’s after-treatment system are the diesel particulate filter system (DPF), which reduces particulates, and the selective catalytic reduction system (SCR), which reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx).
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It also has a web publishing tool and a circular panorama viewer and a batch builder feature that scans folders for panoramic images to stitch automatically.įree version with paid option upgrade to PanaromaPlus X4 The unique feature of this app is that it has manual control features to tweak pictures. It has a masking tool that controls the final stitched result. PTGui can stitch tilted photos, and it can create gigapixel panoramas from hundreds of images. The software can automatically stitch numerous images into a general appearance. PTGui produces striking pictures with 360 degree tube-shaped and partial and panoramas. Photoshop’s version will give similar results, with more options like the content-aware fill feature to seal in transparent areas.įree to use with Watermark with a paid version available Photoshop’s panorama stitcher works in the same way as Lightroom Classic – they share core algorithms and engines. It can stitch panoramas quite effectively. If you’re looking for top-rated image editing apps, Adobe Photoshop is the perfect option. Hugin is the perfect software t to stitch pictures taken at a different angle, as it has numerous projection and field of view. It doesn’t require too many images 2 control points can produce amazing results. When you launch it, add the control points to recognize the common parts of the photos. Hugin is not an automatic stitching software. The interface is not sleek, but it’s functional, and it does the job right. Early versions produced basic results, but the current Hugin has refined capabilities such as tweak control points and manual projection. Hugin has seen steady development since the app was launched to the current stable release we use today. It’s built on core photo stitching tools, a suite similar to other apps mentioned in this article. If you’re after a free to use straightforward software and cross-platform, go for Hugin. We have compiled Seven Best Photo Stitching Software ranging from simple, free applications, to powerful, paid ones. It’s easy to use if you need to stitch two photos and get the job done within seconds. Photo stitching software is multi-layered enough to handle challenging tasks. Photo stitching software options range from full-featured apps that give you control to produce very professional results, to light free apps that get the job done without much control. Ensure there are no shifts in color and brightness in the series of photos you intend to reproduce. If, for example, you took a series of overlapping photographs of a scene while traveling, and you would like to combine them to produce a high-resolution, wide-angle image, then photo stitching software is the perfect solution. Photo stitching is a process that combines several images with overlapping views to replicate an extensive landscape. Pictures can be revealed by adding room for more visual context.Ĭreating single panoramic copy from multiple images, you need photo stitching software. You can capture a broad or tall–field view to create a dramatic image. Whether you’re creating images for a website header or wall display installation, or just targeting for a unique view, panoramas make amazing pictures. The app automatically crops out unwanted areas and gives you a high-resolution file.Photo stitching makes fascinating images with creative ideas for capturing photos. The upside to this app is that when it does make a panorama-and that is a big "if"-the results are brilliant. This in turn causes the Assistant to time out. Simple mistakes like not taking the individual photos correctly may also cause the app to assume that the picture is not part of the panorama. It is a pain to deal with, and very inconsistent when it comes to detecting photos that can be stitched together. The drawback to this is that you'll only realize Google Photos has created a panorama after it has gone and done it.
I don’t think it performs worse for me on sites which aren’t specifically tailored to Chrome (e.g. On Firefox performing worse, I’d love to see some useful benchmarks. They serve their purpose well, but their purpose doesn’t seem to be what you’re looking for. This surely does not make their services worse. If you’re used to this, switching to DDG or another privacy-centric engine which does not store cookies or track your browser fingerprint and instead serve fairly non-personal results, will of course be quite a different experience. Since you don’t seem to value privacy, and are using Chrome, I’d assume your results are at this point highly personal since Goolags entire business model revolves around tracking you. In addition, whether a search engine is better or worse seems highly subjective. Why would anyone bother with that, when I’m sure Chrome allows switching this in its settings? If you think the point of Ungoogled Chromium is to offer a chrome fork with DDG as its search engine you’re off the mark by quite a bit. Google search engine is also better than duckduckgo so there’s no point in using ungoogled chromium. more 261 Dislike Share The Linux Cast 19.1K subscribers Comments 95 Try. It’s 100% faster than firefox in all the benchmarks i run and I use sync so it doesn’t matter for my workflow. Is UnGoogled Chromium Good 8,824 views Today I talk about my week with UnGoogled Chromium.more. Google Web Store never needed any sign-in and so. “Potential security risk with a performance problem.”īrave does everything better, faster and without need to install anything. To pay for apps, extensions or browser themes, you need a Google Payments. Trusting the unknown is also a privacy risk! chromium-web-store This extension brings the. Why exactly I should trust developer “the greatest privacy extension” over anybody else? La scelta più famosa è Firefox, un browser con anti-tracciamento integrato e sviluppato da Mozilla, un’organizzazione no-profit con a cuore la libertà e la sicurezza su Internet, ma non tutti si trovano bene con quel programma e cercano un’alternativa basata su Chromium, il progetto open source su cui Chrome si basa. Chromium alternatives are mainly Web Browsers but. Other great apps like Chromium are Brave, Google Chrome, Tor Browser and Vivaldi. The best alternative is Mozilla Firefox, which is both free and Open Source. This version is a stripped-down version of the. There are more than 100 alternatives to Chromium for a variety of platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac, Android and Android Tablet. Yet another variant of Google Chrome exists called Ungoogled Chromium. even some “Fedoru” paid by NSA to make some “privacy extension” that gets access to anything you ever call/look at. Most major contemporary browsers are based on Chromium, except for Firefox. EVERYBODY can publish some privacy extension. What you obviously missed here is one “small detail”. You just have to know how, and that is exactly what those links are for. the links I provided, you can install all of those and more.Īnd a fake link, NO SIGN IN REQUIRED, for Google Web Store.īasically, any extension you can add in Google Chrome or regular Chromium, you can also add in UnGoogled Chromium. In fedora chromium is in rpm fusion free and in openSUSE chromium is in an official repo openSUSE tumbleweed(you can check with zypper search chromium). What is different with chromium in rpmfusion in fedora 34 and chromium in repo OpenSUSE tumbleweed? i just curious because in linux i always use chromium browser come from official repo. So, go ahead and give Google the boot, and switch to the UnGoogled Chromium Browser. To remove that pesky login prompt, where Chrome or Chromium or any other Chromium based Browser are constantly asking for a password to unlock the keyring, just add this at the end of the launcher command in your menu:Īlso, there are extensive tutorials available on how to fetch any extensions you want or need from the Google Store without actually signing on and giving your data to the Google Store, also on how to further tweak and customize the UnGoogled Chromium Browser, to make it even safer and ensure an even more private web browsing experience. It is very light on resources, and does not in any way shape or form communicate with Google. If you like the Google Chrome interface, I strongly suggest using the UnGoogled Chromium Browser instead. Not only you are constantly feeding all your data, from browsing history to private financial data, to the Google spy machine, but you're also wasting precious resources in the process too. I honestly feel sorry for anybody using Google Chrome, or any Google controlled Chromium based browser, such as Vivaldi, Brave, etc. Graduate student status (What are you studying? Give the official title, such as “ MSc Clinical Neuropsychology student“, “ MA Literature Studies candidate” or “ Graduate Student in Physics“.).Optional: Credentials (Not a must, but previous degrees or certifications in your email signature can make you stand out in, for instance, job applications).Full name (First name or names, and your surname.).Your student number is not necessary for job applications.Ĭommon elements included in graduate student email signatures are the following: Therefore, it can be smart to create different email signatures for different purposes.įor instance, when communicating with professors, it is smart to include your student number. What to include in an email signature as a graduate student slightly depends on who you are sending your emails to. This means that you should not include too much information. A general rule of thumb is to have a short and concise email signature. The first step to creating a great email signature as a graduate student is to decide what to include. What to include in an email signature as a gradate student The main lesson is: spend 10-15 minutes to create your own email signature, and reap the benefits. There are plenty of other examples of the value of email signatures for graduate students. It provides a compact summary of who you are and what your background is. When networking and sending job applications, a powerful email signature comes in handy as well. For instance, when you get in touch with external parties to collaborate on a research project. Simple emails to lecturers or teaching assistants become much more efficient if your email signature clearly states what you study and your student number.Īn email signature, which indicates that you are a graduate student at a specific university, also provides legitimacy. Most of these events require graduate students to communicate via email.Īn effective email signature supports graduate students to get the most out of present communications and exploring future opportunities. A lot happens during this time! Think, for example, of interacting with professors, writing a thesis which often includes reaching out to external parties, or job applications. The value of email signatures for graduate studentsīeing a graduate student is an exciting time. He fulfilled his dream as “Thriller” launched him into superstardom. Ever since he was young, he studied composition and was inspired to create “Thriller” like Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker suite, where every song was a massive hit. Reunited with Quincy Jones for his follow-up 1982 album, “Thriller,” Michael wanted to create the biggest selling pop album ever. Michael used this same style for his breakthrough music videos, including “Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough” and “Billie Jean,” and would later tap the iconic style for the entirety of his solo career. The black-and-white style featured on the cover of “Off the Wall” helped brand his image that would lead to global fame. The single “Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough” landed Michael his first Grammy Award for best male R&B vocal performance. Its release was the first time an album by a solo artist had ever struck four hits in the top 10 Billboard Hot 100 charts. Now, “Off the Wall” is one of the greatest albums of all time and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008. He started his solo artist career in 1971, but it wasn’t until 1979 when he teamed up with Quincy Jones to record his solo album “Off the Wall” that he earned entry into the level of influential R&B singer/songwriters. The success of The Jackson 5, later renamed The Jacksons, drove Michael to be an illustrious artist. and Jackie Wilson. Jackson admired the choreographic innovations of Gene Kelly and how Smokey Robinson wrote and produced his own material. Michael also adopted the dance moves and dramatic postures of Sammy Davis Jr. Brown personally taught Jackson how to drop the microphone and then catch it before it hit the stage. His earliest musical influence was James Brown, known for his mesmerizing dance moves on stage. Michael’s voice, combined with his signature dance moves, entertained and thrilled audiences. Once Michael joined as lead singer and performer of The Jackson 5, they were on the fast track to fame and fortune. He joined his brothers’ musical group in the 1960s, which became The Jackson 5. However, Michael’s talent was evident from a very young age and with his father’s encouragement, Michael started his career at the age of five. His mother sang and played clarinet and piano. Joe’s band rehearsals, combined with their lively stream of music in the home, had a big impact on the Jackson children from an early age.Īll eight of Michael Jackson’s siblings - Rebbie, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Marlon, Randy and Janet - made marks in the music industry. Music was a source of escape from their daily life and both parents were musical themselves. Joe played guitar in a local R&B group, which rehearsed in the family’s tiny house at 2300 Jackson Street (coincidentally named after the U.S. His father worked as a crane operator in a steel mill and his mother at a Sears department store. He was nicknamed the “King of Pop” by his close and long-time friend Elizabeth Taylor, a title that stuck after striking a chord with fans.īorn on Augin Gary, Indiana, Michael Jackson was the eighth of ten children (one died shortly after birth) to Joseph (Joe) and Katherine Jackson. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and one of the most influential and iconic pop music entertainers of all time. 2023-24 InvenTeam Grants Application Open!.Student Fellows Research Program: Recruitment Open!.Celebrating Garey High School InvenTeam's Patent Award!.Bridge to Invention and Inclusive Innovation Program. Go to the sub-surface tab to change the water surface. I won't use any pics on this one because it's self explanitory. So here I'll teach you how to make the water level rise or lower.Well for starters click the water icon on the side and I'll show you the controls. Most of the time you already have water but sometimes you need more if your aiming for a island chain or ect. Intro- Water is a common focal in these landscapes. So now just find your perfect view of your creation. You can move the camera's graze up and down and around by holding the left mouse button.Also you can move around with the arrow keys. This allows you to walk around and find a good spot. My technique of getting a good perseption is by using the 3d model. I mean what good is a great landscape when you looking at the floor? Here I'll share my way of getting a good perspective. Intro The camera's position is one of the most important aspects. Though, I suggest you only using srf files, they most of the time look better. So really it's simple just press the open button and go to my resource pack and choose the surface map you want. But let me first tell you what one is- A surface map is practically the surface of your landscape like grass or rock or dark grass. Intro- Ok, well if you've used terragen before you probaly know that you can create your own surface maps, but my resource pack at the bottom has tons of them so I'll go head and save myself the typing. So I went ahead and added some islands and rivers. Now I myself want to add some island in the water so I'll take my trusty tool and click and hold and wahla.an island! So this tool is good for adding you personal touch to your landscape, keep that in mind. Now a quick lesson- holding down the right mouse button makes the land go down, but holding the left mouse button elevates the land. Intro- Now that you've generated you terrain you might feel "that water needs an island" or "that mountain needs a lake" or "that mountain is too tall" well the sculpt tool can change that. Then when you think it looks fine stop clicking. I want giant mountains, so check the second option below "Erase first and generate new terrain" and choose another method like Perlin Noise and click generate like there is no tomarrow. But there is still one problem, since we only have one layer, the terrain is feature less and boring. Now my goal is to make a mountain, so my settings above are made for creating mountains. So to begin start by checking the first option- Erase first and generate new terrain. Well above you see the screen for making terrain. Usually professional terrains are made up of 20 to 30 layered ones, but we'll just use about 5. To navigate do ctrl+f to use the find option, so you can skip to the parts you need. So I now present.*starts energizing music*.the tutorial! This will hopefully include resources, tutorials, and more. My plan for this topic is to be a resource for artists that aim for realism and want to create world of their own. Well, terragen is a remarkable program which if used right can produce great results. Scaling the tree static mesh when it is placed on a landscape will produce the issue (even when not using foliage).Terragen is freeware and can be downloaded here Putting the tree static mesh onto a BSP does not cause any problems. This appears to be more of a landscape issue than a foliage issue. Please adjust content - Enable Error Coloring to visualize.Įrror SM_Dead_Tree Object has overlapping UVs. Info SM_Dead_Tree Lightmap UV are overlapping by 49.6%. I noticed these errors when I build - could they be relevant? The higher you scale, the more pronounced the issue is. If the scale is left at 1, the problem does not happen. I also tried in the 4.6 preview - no changeįunny enough, if the landscape is selected when you move the camera through the trees, the problem goes away.ĮDIT: It turns out that this problem only occurs if the trees are scaled above 1. I created a new project, imported the landscape material and static mesh of the tree from the Content Examples and recreated the level - no change. Just to see what would happen, I updated my video card drivers - no change. For giggles, I tested with it enabled - no change. I looked up world composition and verified it is not enabled. I’m not sure what level streaming is so I’m pretty sure I’m not using it. Along with the Set It and Forget It feature, Frag Guard illustrates Executive Software's attempt to make disk defragmentation and optimization transparent to the user.ĭiskeeper offers powerful tools and is easy to learn and use. Because of this inconvenience, Diskeeper offers the Frag Guard tool, an online mechanism that prevents MFT and pagefile fragmentation by freeing space surrounding the MFT and pagefile.sys to allow for contiguous growth. A full system-file optimization of my 4GB system partition took more than an hour and a half. Diskeeper's boot-time defragmentation routine schedules full directory, MFT, and pagefile optimizations after the next reboot. Therefore, the optimization must take place at the blue screen after a reboot. Typically, defragmentation programs can optimize the Master File Table (MFT), pagefile.sys, and directories only in an offline state. Therefore, the network scheduling feature is fairly inflexible. When you run Set It and Forget It on a local machine, you can specify which volumes you want to defragment however, on a remote machine, you can defragment only all the volumes. The Set It and Forget It feature-Diskeeper's scheduler for local volumes and remote network machines-sets the software's defragmentation routine to run in the background. If your volume's free space is low, you might need to run the defragmentation routine multiple times to achieve a healthy file-fragmentation level. Defragmentation runs are most effective on volumes that have plenty of free space (i.e., more than 10 percent). After analyzing my hard disk, Diskeeper found high levels of fragmentation on my test C:\ partition, so I ran the manual defragmentation routine. The manual defragmenter is the fastest routine and permits the most user interaction. (You can disable this verbose feature.) You can save the comprehensive analysis report to a file.ĭiskeeper features three types of defragmentation routines: a standard manual defragmenter, a background routine called Set It and Forget It, and the Boot Time Defragmentation routine. After analyzing the hard disk, Diskeeper describes the results and, if necessary, recommends actions. Like most disk defragmenters, Diskeeper offers an Analyze feature that gives you an overall picture of your hard disk's health. Some of the small toolbar icons are difficult to differentiate, but the views and menus are intuitive. The server version includes a network scheduling tool.ĭiskeeper's GUI, which Screen 1 shows, has a familiar MMC feel. If you're running Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS) on your server, you can install Diskeeper on remote workstations and servers. The interface uses the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), so if your server isn't running the MMC, Diskeeper's installation program installs MMC 1.1 for you. Executive Software's Diskeeper 5.0, which runs on Windows 2000 (Win2K), NT, and Window 9x servers and workstations, is the latest addition to the hard disk optimization market.ĭiskeeper installs as a service. Many systems administrators already use a disk-defragmentation tool for their NT servers and workstations. Hard disk tuning is becoming a crucial facet of Windows NT system health. That's great on your phone, but sharing with others is easily done with videos converted to the H.264 MP4 format. It's the same story with videos, where your iPhone saves these by default using the space saving HEVC format. The benefits don't stop there, of course.Īre you happy that your iPhone can store photos in the HEIC format to save space, but wish that photos would transfer HEIC to JPG to your computer for effortless sharing and compatibility with anyone? You can set DearMob iPhone Manager up to do it, or you can export photos in their original format - it's up to you! Indeed, DearMob iPhone Manager lets you selectively back up from your iPhone any of these file types with ease, to keep them safe on your PC or Mac, and even lets you make complete 1-click backups of, and restorations to, your iOS devices as desired. What about easily backing up photos, music, books, documents and other data stored on your iOS device? iTunes lets you do some of these things, but nowhere near as easily as DearMob iPhone Manager can. Thank you GOTD and Digiarty for this giveaway.Want to back up or install apps from iPhone, iPad or iPod touch to your computer in 2019 using iTunes? Sorry, iTunes got rid of that functionality long ago, but DearMob iPhone Manager can easily do it. I will say, if you find it does not recognize your Apple device, that means you will have to unplug and then plug it in again (as you did not originally give it proper permissions), or, update your Apple drivers. It does everything as stated at their web page and does it properly. Matter of fact, I found this program when I acquired my iPhone and did not want iTunes on my computer, from using another Digiarty program for managing an Apple device on pc. I have another program (which is freeware) that I load the drivers, though this one will do it for you. No need to use that bloated Apple program, iTunes, though you do need the Apple drivers on your computer, and give your pc permission to access your Apple product on your Apple device. Loading it up on my pc for my iPhone 8 plus and registering is easy. I have had this program from inception, and have only good things to say about it. How to Transfer iPhone Photos to/from Computer > How to Backup & Restore iPhone without iTunes > If failed, just re-download the setup at DearMob official site. Download this program from GOTD, unzip and install it. How to Transfer iPhone Photos to/from Computer >įeel free to contact if you have any problems on this program.ġ. It comes with the privilege of free update to any future version. Here is also an exclusive sale for GOTD users to purchase Lifetime License at 70% off discount. A “Upgrade to Lifetime License” offer will pop up after activate this program, just click "x" to close it if you want to continue to use Giveaway version that does not support free upgrade. Click here to check the activation guide. To guarantee that you can use the full functions of V4.2, please activate giveaway license ASAP and input your valid email as Licensed Email. Click "Get Free for PC" button or "Get it Free for Mac", you will get a text file with license key and activate guide. If failed, just re-download the setup at DearMob official site.Ģ. Thank you for participating in DearMob iPhone Manager giveaway.ġ. Transfer 100 4K photos in about 8 seconds.īonus: Digiarty also provides you a unique chance to get Lifetime Full License at 70% off.
The DTA170 adapter is a device that can receive an HD signal and convert it into an analog one before it reaches your analog television set. What features does the Cisco DTA170 digital adapter have?
Ashley was first argued before the Court of Common Pleas. He was looking to mount a legal attack against the practice of slavery, and through Bett and another enslaved person, Brom, attached to the cause, he'd discovered the perfect test case. In Sedgwick, she found the perfect person to represent her. To her ears, the new Massachusetts Constitution extended its protection to all people in the Commonwealth, even enslaved people. Through all the talk she'd heard around the Ashley home about the rights of the Colonies, Bett had come to believe she'd been guaranteed some rights of her own. Earning Her Freedomīetts hadn't just fled out of fear, though. Senator, who lived in the nearby town of Stockbridge. More importantly, though, it propelled her to leave the Ashley home and seek the assistance of Theodore Sedgwick, an abolitionist, attorney, and future U.S. The attack left a permanent scar on Mum Bett's arm. But in an effort to save her sister, Mum Bett stepped in front of Lizzie and weathered the blow herself. As the story goes, Hannah became quite angry one day with Lizzie, and went to attack her with a fiery, hot kitchen shovel. In it was the guarantee that "all men are born free and equal and have certain natural, essential and unalienable rights."Īshley, by all historical accounts, had an even temper. It was turned down, but just seven years later the Commonwealth of Massachusetts completed its constitution, the first state in the Union to do so. In 1773, Boston Black people organized a petition against slavery. Even as early as 1700, the Puritan judge Samuel Seawall, who was instrumental in prosecuting the Salem Witch Trials, wrote a piece called The Selling of Joseph that called into question the practice of owning other human beings. As the American colonies staked out their independence, the abolitionist movement began to gain some headwind in Massachusetts. Around him, though, the world was changing. Life in SlaveryĪshley, a strong supporter of the American Revolution, claimed to have the largest farm in town, and his wealth was built in large measure on the backs of the small group of enslaved people he owned. When she married John Ashley, it seems, Mum Bett and Lizzie were given to the couple. Bett and a younger woman, who may have been Bett's sister Lizzie, had previously been the property of Hannah's family. What is clear is that in 1746 she became the property of wealthy Sheffield, Massachusetts, resident John Ashley and his wife, Hannah. Like so many thousands of others born into slavery, little is known about Mum Bett's early history, such as when or where she was born. She proved to be a driving force in ending the enslaved people trade in the new Commonwealth of Massachusetts when she successfully sued for freedom in 1781, becoming the first African American woman to win her way out of slavery. Early Lifeīett, or Mumbet, as she was referred to affectionately, was born sometime around 1742. Betts became a paid servant and raised a family on her wages. Betts was granted her freedom and 30 shillings in damages in 1781, with the case Brom and Betts v. When Ashley's wife attacked her, Betts appealed to a local abolitionist, who brought her case to the courts. Mum Bett was born enslaved circa 1742, spending her young adult years in the household of John Ashley in Massachusetts. |